????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????
Badri Munir Sukoco
Professor, Faculty of Economics and Business,
Director of Postgraduate School,
Universitas Airlangga

https://mediaindonesia.com/opini/458130/trendsetter-dan-pembangunan-sdm-indonesia

 

Humans are a country's most important resource. Has a young population (65% under 40 years old – 2020 Population Census) with ???????????????????????? ?????????????????? The 7th largest in the world is Indonesia's large capital. Quality human resources will enable Indonesia to become a developed country by 2045.

Human resource development has become the President's first and foremost priority. Earlier this month President Joko Widodo emphasized that Indonesia's human resources must become ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (and not ????????????????????????????????????). ????????????????????????????????????????????? Of course it is related to innovation, and innovation capability requires the right direction of human resource development. Higher education is the starting point.

How to orchestrate higher education so that Indonesian human resources become ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????

???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
Based on 2020 Higher Education Statistics, there are 29,413 study programs held in Indonesia. Academic-based study programs still dominate (88.33% or 25,987 units). The largest number of study programs is still dominated by the field of Education (6,032 units), followed by Engineering, Social Affairs, Health and Economics. The field of education has the largest number of new students (435,986 people), followed by Economics, Social Affairs, Engineering, Health and other fields of science.

The largest number of higher education graduates came from Education (21.84%), followed by Economics (18.92%), Engineering (16.02%), Health (15.56%), Social Affairs (13.95%), and the rest come from other fields. The question is, is the popularity of these study programs relevant and in line with Indonesia's current and future needs?

???????????????? ????????????????
Many governments focus education in their countries based on STEM (???????????????????????????, ????????????? ℎ????????????????????????, ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????, ???????????? ????????????ℎ???? ????????????????????????). Realizing the lack of interest of the younger generation in STEM fields and the nation's competitiveness being threatened, President Obama launched a program in 2011 to train 100,000 teachers who will teach STEM fields by 2021. Of course this is accompanied by funding commitments, not only from the government but also from the private sector.

Through heated public debate, both pros and cons, the USA Education Reform Act was finally signed by President Obama at the end of 2015, with an emphasis on STEM education. The goal is how to make the young generation of the United States (US) become leaders in the STEM fields.

What about other countries? Data ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? (GII) 2021 shows South Korea occupying the top position in Asia (#5 in the world), followed by Singapore (#8), China (#12), and Japan (#13). This is inseparable from the large proportion of graduates ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? As a result, for example, Singapore is ranked #10 in the world, followed by India (#12) and South Korea (#18). It is not surprising that many CEOs of world technology companies come from India or high-tech products from South Korea. What about Indonesia? We rank #76 in the world.

???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????
Of course it is interesting to observe the increase in China's position to #12 out of 132 countries (the highest in the group ???????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????-????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????). Ten years ago, the position was still #29. When Abrami et al. (2014) wrote an article entitled “????ℎ???? ????ℎ???????????? ????????????'???? ??????????????????????????????????” in ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????, most believe it. But gradually the digital market, health equipment, even ???????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????????ℎ????????????????????????????????? began to be controlled by Chinese companies.

One of the GII 2021 indicators is ℎ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????ℎ. In the last 25 years, China has seriously improved its innovation capabilities, especially human resources, by developing its universities (PT) to become world class. Starting 211 ??????????????????????????? in 1995, ????9 ????????????????????????, and the latest ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????-????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? with large funding. As a result, in 2021 China will place 6 of its universities in the Top 100 ???????????????????? ????????????ℎ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????. The highest universities in Malaysia are in the range 301-350, while Indonesia is in the range 801-1000.

Data ????ℎ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? 2017 showed 3 million students entering STEM programs. And it is one of the countries with the largest percentage in this field. Not only relying on domestic graduates, but graduates from world-class universities in developed countries – approach ????ℎ???????????? ?????????????????? – carried out (Greeven et al., 2019). Since 1978, 4 million people have studied abroad and 2.2 million graduates have returned to China. ???????????????????????? (diaspora returnees) are becoming important players in China's innovation ecosystem, with training received from the world's best universities. Even before returning, he had worked in various world-class companies, especially Silicon Valley, and brought a business model ?????????????????????-???????? nor ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? from ???????????????????????????? 500 to domestic. As a result, domestic companies are able to compete with world-class companies from developed countries.

The next indicator is the R&D budget allocated by each country. The biggest spender was the United States (US$491.86 billion), followed by China (US$471.70 billion) and Japan (US$154.16 billion). Meanwhile Indonesia only US$3.11 billion (0.10% of GDP). The results are clear, where the patent applications of these countries are far superior to Indonesia's. Japan has more than 7,005 patent applications compared to Indonesia, while Malaysia has 90 times with a percentage of R&D budget 13 times larger. China is the world's largest patent proponent, beating the US. The lesson is that world-class PTs produce competent human resources and world-class patents, supported by large R&D budgets, making innovation a necessity.

???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????
In order to guarantee its leadership in the field of technology, the ?????????????????? ???????? ????ℎ???????????? 2025 continues with ??????????????????????????? ???????? ????ℎ???????????? 2035 (a kind of Repelita in Indonesia). The government also assigned 12 top universities to develop ???????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ????????????ℎ????????????????????????. The main task is to conduct research and develop revolutionary and disruptive technology in the next 10-15 years. Its existence is targeted to be able to compete with ????????????????????????ℎ???????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????ℎ???????????????????????? (MIT) and ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? on future technology.

Life and health technology is the focus ??????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ????????????ℎ???????????????????????? on ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????. Its existence is centered on 2 interdisciplinary fields, namely biomedical engineering and molecular medicine. In collaboration with ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????? and MIT, ???????????????ℎ ????ℎ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????ℎ???????????????????????? will open 2 new study programs, namely ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? And ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????????ℎ????????????????????????. As for ????????????ℎ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? assigned to develop ?????????ℎ???????????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????ℎ????????????????????????. Establishment ??????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ????????????ℎ???????????????????????? is the first step to prepare Chinese human resources to excel in future technology.

?????????????????????????????????????????????
Education is a long-term investment, and resource orchestration is needed to strengthen ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????? Indonesia as ?????????????????????????????????????????????. Selecting, sorting and modifying existing study programs, commissioning the establishment of future-oriented study programs, and even closing them if they are less relevant is a must. It's not necessarily what is popular now that graduates will need in the future. Providing a long-term vision for education is a must, especially to support the achievement of Advanced Indonesia 2045. Of course without abandoning national values. What strategic industries will be Indonesia's advantages in the future can be used as a reference. And of course the long-term funding commitment provides certainty and sustainability of the nation's competitiveness in the future.
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