BACHELOR OF ECONOMICS COURSES

SEMESTER I

SEMESTER I
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 BAI100 Indonesian The Indonesian Language course aims to improve students' Indonesian language skills, both spoken and written. In this course, students will learn various aspects of the language, including grammar, vocabulary, and the rules of good and correct writing. Furthermore, this course also covers the development of communication skills, such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing, which are crucial in academic and professional contexts. Students will be encouraged to analyze literary texts, articles, and other written works, and understand the cultural and social contexts behind them.
2 SIP107 Data and Library The Data and Library course aims to provide an understanding of the management, analysis, and utilization of data and library sources in scientific research and development. In this course, students will learn various types of data, data collection techniques, and data analysis methods relevant to their field of study.
3 NOP104 Citizenship The Citizenship course is designed to provide an understanding of the rights and obligations of citizens, as well as the values ​​underlying national and state life. In this course, students will learn the basic concepts of citizenship, including the history of the struggle for independence, the system of government, law, and the roles and responsibilities of individuals in society. Furthermore, this course also addresses current issues related to human rights, democracy, pluralism, and public participation in the political process.
4 MNM106 Communication & Self-Development The Communication & Personal Development course aims to enhance students' communication skills and support their personal development in academic and professional contexts. In this course, students will learn various aspects of communication, both verbal and non-verbal, as well as techniques to improve self-confidence and interpersonal skills.
5 PHP103 Logic & Critical Thinking The Logic and Critical Thinking course aims to develop students' logical, analytical, and critical thinking skills. In this course, students will learn the fundamentals of logic, including argument structure, types of arguments, and how to evaluate and construct effective arguments.
6 MAТ106 Mathematical Economics I The Economic Mathematics I course is one of the important foundational courses in the economics study program, which aims to provide an understanding of the application of mathematical concepts in economic analysis. In this course, students will study various topics, such as functions, limits, derivatives, and integration, and how these concepts are used to model and solve economic problems, such as cost and benefit analysis, production optimization, and the theory of demand and supply. With a systematic and applied approach, Economic Mathematics I is expected to equip students with the analytical skills necessary to understand economic dynamics and make data-driven decisions.
7 NOP103 Pancasila The Pancasila course aims to provide a deep understanding of the philosophical foundations, values, and principles contained in Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology. It also discusses the application of Pancasila values ​​in various aspects of life, such as politics, economics, social life, and culture, as well as the challenges faced in implementing them in the modern era.
8 AGI/P/K/H/B 101 Religious Education I Religious Education I aims to provide a basic understanding of religious teachings, moral values, and ethics contained within one's religion, as well as the importance of religion in daily life. Furthermore, Religious Education I emphasizes character development and interfaith tolerance, as well as how to apply religious values ​​in social and professional contexts.
9 MNM107 Introduction to Scientific Collaboration The Introduction to Scientific Collaboration course is designed to provide an understanding of the importance of collaboration in the context of scientific research and development. In this course, students will learn the basic concepts of scientific collaboration, various collaboration models, and the challenges and benefits associated with interdisciplinary collaboration.

SEMESTER II

SEMESTER II
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 AK106 Basic Accounting The Basic Accounting course is an essential introduction for students to understand the fundamental accounting principles used in recording, measuring, and reporting financial information. In this course, students will learn fundamental concepts such as the accounting cycle, financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement), and generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, this course also covers transaction recording techniques, financial statement analysis, and an understanding of the role of accounting in business decision-making.
2 PHE101 Academic Literacy in Economics* The Academic Literacy in Economics course is designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary to understand, analyze, and communicate economic information effectively. In this course, students will learn academic reading and writing techniques, including how to construct logical arguments, conduct research, and cite sources correctly. The course also discusses how to evaluate and interpret economic data and understand various types of publications and literature in the field of economics.
3 MAT112 Mathematical Economics II The Mathematical Economics II course is a continuation of Mathematical Economics I, which explores the mathematical techniques used in more complex economic analysis. Furthermore, this course also discusses the application of mathematics in micro and macroeconomics, such as economic growth models, general equilibrium analysis, and game theory. With a deeper understanding of these mathematical tools, students are expected to be able to analyze and solve more complex economic problems and develop the critical and analytical thinking skills necessary in the world of economics.
4 MNU101 Introduction to Business The Introduction to Business course provides a fundamental understanding of the concepts, principles, and practices underlying the business world. In this course, students will learn various important aspects of business, including types of organizations, management functions, marketing, finance, and human resources. It also examines the business environment, ethics, and challenges faced by companies in both global and local contexts.
5 EKT101 Introduction to Macroeconomic Theory The Introduction to Macroeconomic Theory course provides a basic understanding of economic phenomena that affect the economy as a whole, including economic growth, inflation, unemployment, and fiscal and monetary policy. In this course, students will study various macroeconomic indicators, economic models, and the relationships between sectors of the economy. The primary focus of this introduction is to understand how government and central bank policies can affect economic stability and societal well-being.
6 EKT102 Introduction to Microeconomic Theory The Introduction to Microeconomic Theory course provides an essential foundation for understanding the behavior of individuals and firms in economic decision-making. In this course, students will learn fundamental concepts such as demand and supply, elasticity, production theory, and market structure. It also examines how economic factors influence consumer and producer choices and interactions within the marketplace.
7 MAS101 Statistics I Statistics 1 is an essential introduction for students to understand the basic concepts and techniques of data analysis. In this course, students will learn a variety of topics, including data collection, measures of central tendency (such as the mean, median, and mode), and measures of dispersion (such as range, variance, and standard deviation). Furthermore, this course covers basic techniques in probability, probability distributions, and hypothesis testing.

SEMESTER III

SEMESTER III
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 EKK302 Econometrics I Econometrics 1 is an introductory course that discusses the application of statistical methods in economic data analysis to test economic theories and models. In this course, students will learn basic econometric concepts, including simple and multiple linear regression models, and the assumptions underlying these models. Students will be taught how to estimate model parameters using the method of least squares (OLS) and how to interpret the results. In addition, this course also covers hypothesis testing, analysis of multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation, as well as ways to address these problems.
2 EKP201 Development Economics I Development Economics I is an introductory course that examines the theory and practice of economic development, focusing on the processes and challenges faced by developing countries. In this course, students will learn the basic concepts of economic development, including definitions, indicators, and objectives, as well as the distinction between economic growth and sustainable development. In addition, the course covers an analysis of factors influencing development, such as natural resources, education, health, and infrastructure. Students will also explore various development models, including the classical growth model, the structural model, and the institution-based approach.
3 EKP203 Indonesian Economy The Indonesian Economy course comprehensively examines the structure, dynamics, and challenges facing the Indonesian economy. In this course, students will learn the history of Indonesia's economic development, the economic policies implemented, and the role of key sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services in economic growth. Furthermore, the course also covers analysis of current issues such as inflation, unemployment, income inequality, and the impact of globalization on the domestic economy. Students will be taught to analyze economic data and understand relevant macroeconomic indicators, as well as evaluate fiscal and monetary policies implemented by the government and central bank.
4 MAS201 Statistics II Statistics II is a continuation of Statistics I, providing a more in-depth discussion of more complex statistical analysis techniques and methods. In this course, students will explore a variety of topics, including regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate statistical techniques. Students will also be taught advanced hypothesis testing, including parametric and non-parametric tests, and how to interpret data analysis results. Furthermore, this course covers the use of statistical software for data analysis, enabling students to apply the theory learned in practical contexts.
5 EKT201 Macroeconomic Theory I Macroeconomics 1 is an introductory course that covers the basic concepts and theories that explain the behavior of the economy as a whole. In this course, students will learn about macroeconomic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, and unemployment, and how these indicators are used to assess a country's economic health. In addition, this course includes an analysis of economic models such as the IS-LM and AD-AS models, which help students understand the interaction between aggregate demand and supply. Students will also learn the role of fiscal and monetary policies in managing the economy, as well as the impact of these policies on economic growth and stability.
6 EKT202 Microeconomic Theory I Microeconomics 1 is an in-depth introduction to the fundamental theories and concepts that explain the behavior of individuals and firms in economic decision-making. In this course, students will study a variety of topics, including the theory of supply and demand, elasticity, consumer behavior, and production and cost theory. The course also examines various market structures, such as perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly, and how each structure affects prices and output.
7 EKT401 Applied Economic Theory The Applied Economic Theory course examines the application of economic concepts and theories in practical contexts to analyze real-world economic problems. In this course, students will learn various economic theories, both micro and macro, and how these theories can be used to understand and solve economic issues faced by individuals, companies, and governments. Topics covered include market analysis, consumer behavior, production theory, and economic policy and its impact on the economy. Students will also be taught to use economic models in decision-making and policy evaluation, as well as to apply quantitative and qualitative analytical methods to examine economic data.

SEMESTER IV

SEMESTER IV
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 EKK303 Econometrics II Econometrics II is a continuation of Econometrics I, covering more complex analytical techniques and methods in economic research. In this course, students will learn more advanced regression models, including nonlinear regression, panel data models, and time series models. Students will also be taught more sophisticated estimation techniques, such as maximum likelihood methods and estimation with instrumental variables to address endogeneity issues. Additionally, this course covers cointegration analysis and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models to analyze long-run relationships between variables.
2 EKI201 International Economics I International Economics I is an introductory course that discusses the theory and practice of international trade and economic interactions between countries. In this course, students will learn the basic concepts of comparative advantage, trade theory, and international trade models, such as the Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin models. Topics covered include the analysis of trade policies, including tariffs, quotas, and subsidies, and their impact on the domestic and global economy. Students will also explore current issues in international economics, such as globalization, economic integration, and the role of international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition, this course includes an analysis of international capital flows, exchange rates, and their impact on a country's economy.
3 EKP320 Maritime Economy The Maritime Economics course examines economic aspects related to the maritime sector, including maritime trade, transportation, and marine resource management. In this course, students will learn the maritime sector's crucial role in the global economy, including analysis of maritime supply chains, logistics, and port infrastructure. Topics covered include the theory and practice of international trade via sea routes, as well as the impact of maritime policies on economic growth and sustainable development. Students will also explore issues related to environmental sustainability, such as marine resource management, ecosystem conservation, and the impact of climate change on the maritime sector.
4 EKM101 Monetary Economics I Monetary Economics 1 is an introductory course that discusses the theory and practice of monetary systems and the role of money in the economy. In this course, students will learn the basic concepts of money, its functions, and its types, as well as how money functions as a medium of exchange, a unit of accounting, and a store of value. Students will also be taught about the banking system, including the role of the central bank, the mechanisms of money creation, and the impact of monetary policy on the economy.
5 EKP205 Public Economics I Public Economics I examines economic theory and practice related to the role of government in the economy. In this course, students will learn basic concepts regarding the functions and objectives of government intervention, including an analysis of public goods, externalities, and income distribution. Topics covered include theories on the efficiency of resource allocation and how public policy can affect societal welfare. Students will also explore various fiscal policy instruments, such as taxes and government spending, and their impact on the economy. In addition, this course includes an analysis of the role of government in providing public services and addressing social injustice.
6 EKT301 Macroeconomic Theory II Macroeconomics 2 is a continuation of Macroeconomics 1, delving into more complex analysis and theory regarding the economy as a whole. In this course, students will study topics such as business cycles, economic fluctuations, and the impact of economic policy on growth and stability. In addition, this course also discusses global issues such as international trade, exchange rates, and the impact of globalization on the domestic economy. Students will be taught to analyze economic data and apply macroeconomic models to understand the interactions between economic variables, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies in addressing economic challenges.
7 EKT302 Microeconomic Theory II Microeconomics 2 is a continuation of Microeconomics 1, providing a more in-depth discussion of microeconomic theory and applications. In this course, students will study advanced topics such as producer behavior theory, cost and benefit analysis, and factor market theory. Additionally, the course covers economic welfare analysis, externalities, and public goods, as well as the role of government in addressing market failures.

SEMESTER V

SEMESTER V
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 EK304 Modeling Economics The Economics Modeling course focuses on the use of mathematical and statistical models to analyze economic phenomena and make predictions. In this course, students will learn various types of economic models, including macroeconomic, microeconomic, and general equilibrium models. Topics covered include modeling techniques, such as regression, time series analysis, and simulation, as well as how to interpret model results for economic decision-making. Students will also be introduced to commonly used modeling software, such as MATLAB or EViews, to apply theory to practice.
2 EKP311 Development Project Evaluation The Development Project Evaluation course is designed to provide an understanding of the methods and techniques used to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of development projects. In this course, students will learn various evaluation approaches, including formative and summative evaluation, as well as cost-benefit analysis techniques, social impact analysis, and performance measurement methods. Topics covered include evaluation planning, data collection and analysis, and the preparation of comprehensive evaluation reports. Students will also explore issues related to sustainability and community participation in project evaluation.
3 EKM301 Central banking The Central Banking course examines the role, function, and policies of central banks in a country's economy. In this course, students will learn the structure and objectives of central banks, including inflation control, exchange rate stability, and financial system regulation. Topics covered include monetary policy tools, such as interest rates, open market operations, and reserve requirements, and their impact on the macroeconomy. Students will also explore current issues facing central banks, such as the challenges of dealing with financial crises, the digitalization of payment systems, and the role of central banks in supporting sustainable economic growth.
4 KKN441 Community Service Program Community Service Program (KKN) is a community service program typically undertaken by university students as part of a higher education curriculum. This program aims to provide students with practical experience in applying the knowledge they have learned in college to real-life situations and contribute to community development. In KKN, students are typically placed in a specific area or community to undertake various activities, such as outreach, training, research, and development projects relevant to the needs of the local community. These activities can cover health, education, economics, the environment, and socio-cultural areas. Through KKN, students are expected to develop interpersonal, leadership, and teamwork skills, as well as increase social awareness and responsibility towards the community.
5 PNE402 Research methodology The Research Methodology course provides an in-depth understanding of the principles and techniques used in scientific research, including quantitative research methods. In this course, students learn the steps of designing and conducting systematic research, including topic selection, hypothesis formulation, data collection and analysis, and research report writing. In addition, students are introduced to relevant statistical analysis tools and software, as well as ethical issues in research. With a theoretical and practical approach, this course aims to equip students with the skills necessary to conduct quality research, thereby contributing to the development of science and professional practice in their fields of study.
6 Choice CHOICE OF THE COURT
7 AGI/P/K/H/B 401 Religious Education II The Religious Education II course is a continuation of Religious Education I, delving deeper into advanced aspects of religious teachings, religious practices, and their application in daily life. Religious Education II also emphasizes the importance of spirituality and character development, as well as how religious values ​​can be applied in various aspects of life, including social, educational, and professional settings.

SEMESTER VI

SEMESTER VI
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 Choice CHOICE OF THE COURT
2 PNE491 Proposal Seminar The Proposal Seminar course is designed to assist students in formulating, compiling, and presenting their research proposals. In this course, students will learn the structure and essential components of a research proposal, including the background, problem statement, research objectives, literature review, methodology, and data analysis plan. In addition, students will be trained to develop effective presentation skills, enabling them to convey their ideas and research plans clearly and convincingly to an audience. Discussions and feedback from lecturers and peers are also an important part of the learning process, aimed at refining and perfecting the submitted proposals.

SEMESTER VII

SEMESTER VII
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 Choice CHOICE OF THE COURT
2 PNE499 Thesis The Thesis course provides guidance to students in compiling and completing their final scientific work as a graduation requirement. In this course, students will conduct independent research under the guidance of a supervisor, which includes topic selection, problem formulation, data collection and analysis, and thesis report writing. Students will learn research methodologies appropriate to their field of study, as well as proper academic writing techniques. Furthermore, this course emphasizes the importance of research ethics and academic integrity.

SEMESTER VIII

SEMESTER VIII
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 Choice CHOICE OF THE COURT
2 PNE499 Thesis The Thesis course provides guidance to students in compiling and completing their final scientific work as a graduation requirement. In this course, students will conduct independent research under the guidance of a supervisor, which includes topic selection, problem formulation, data collection and analysis, and thesis report writing. Students will learn research methodologies appropriate to their field of study, as well as proper academic writing techniques. Furthermore, this course emphasizes the importance of research ethics and academic integrity.

CHOICE OF THE COURT

ODD SEMESTER
ELECTIVE COURSES: ODD SEMESTER
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 EKI301 International Financial Economics The "International Financial Economics" course examines key aspects of the global financial system and the interactions between international financial markets. In this course, students will learn theories and practices related to international capital flows, exchange rates, and the role of international financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank. The course focuses on financial risk analysis, the influence of monetary and fiscal policies on international markets, and the impact of the global financial crisis on national economies. Students will also explore current issues such as foreign direct investment, tax avoidance, and financial regulation in the era of globalization.
2 EKP309 Development Economics II The "Development Economics II" course is a continuation of Development Economics I, which explores the issues and challenges faced in the process of economic development, particularly in developing countries. In this course, students will study more complex development theories, including the analysis of development policies, the role of institutions, and the impact of globalization on economic development. The main focus of this course includes issues such as poverty, inequality, and access to education and health, as well as strategies for achieving inclusive and sustainable development. In addition, students will explore the role of the private sector, foreign investment, and international aid in supporting the development process.
3 EKE212 Natural Resources and Environmental Economics II The course "Natural Resource and Environmental Economics II" is a continuation of Natural Resource and Environmental Economics I, which explores advanced issues related to natural resource management and its impact on the environment. In this course, students will study the theory and practice of sustainable resource management, including environmental policy analysis, market mechanisms for natural resources, and the role of technology in mitigating environmental impacts. The main focus of this course includes issues such as climate change, water resource management, and biodiversity conservation, as well as the challenges faced in implementing effective environmental policies. In addition, students will explore the relationship between economics, public policy, and societal behavior in the context of sustainability.
4 EKM302 International Trade Policy The "International Trade Policy" course provides an in-depth understanding of the theory and practice of trade policies implemented by countries in a global context. In this course, students will analyze various trade policy instruments, such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies, and their impact on the domestic and international economy. Students will also explore international trade agreements, including the role of organizations such as the WTO, as well as current issues such as protectionism and the challenges facing developing countries.

CHOICE OF THE COURT

EVEN SEMESTER
ELECTIVE COURSES: EVEN SEMESTER
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 EKI202 International Economics II The "International Economics II" course is a continuation of International Economics I, exploring more complex aspects of economic interactions between countries. In this course, students will study international trade theory, trade policies, and the impact of globalization on national economies. The main focus of this course includes analysis of international capital flows, exchange rates, and the role of international institutions such as the IMF and World Bank in global economic stability. Students will also explore current issues such as protectionism, free trade agreements, and the challenges facing developing countries in the global trading system.
2 EKM201 Monetary Economics II The "Monetary Economics II" course is a continuation of Monetary Economics I, which examines the theory and practice of monetary policy in a macroeconomic context. In this course, students will learn about various monetary policy instruments, money market analysis, and the role of central banks in controlling inflation and economic stability. Furthermore, this course explores the relationship between monetary policy and other economic variables, such as economic growth, unemployment, and exchange rates.
3 EKR312 Public Economics II The "Public Economics II" course is a continuation of Public Economics I, which explores the role of government in the economy, particularly in terms of public expenditure and revenue. In this course, students will study the theory and practice of fiscal policy, analyze the impact of tax policy, and evaluate social and infrastructure programs. The main focus of this course is to understand how public policy can affect the distribution of resources, economic efficiency, and social welfare. In addition, students will be invited to analyze current issues in public economics, such as public debt management, tax reform, and the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth.
4 EKE211 Natural Resources & Environmental Economics I The course "Natural Resource and Environmental Economics I" aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the interactions between economics, natural resources, and the environment. In this course, students will learn the basic concepts of natural resource economics, including theories of resource utilization and management, as well as the economic impacts of natural resource exploitation on the environment. The main focus of this course includes externality analysis, the economic value of natural resources, and the importance of sustainability in environmental management. In addition, students will explore public policies related to environmental protection, resource management, and global issues such as climate change and ecosystem degradation.

CHOICE OF THE COURT

CHOICE OF THE COURT
No Course Code Course Name Course Description
1 EKM202 Banks & Other Financial Institutions This course examines the role of banks and financial institutions in the economy. Students will learn about the intermediation function, risk management, and monetary policy and its impact on economic stability.
2 EKP305 Digital Economy and Information Technology This course examines the impact of information technology and digitalization on the economy. Students will learn about e-commerce, digital innovation, and changes in business models and their impact on the labor market.
3 EKE203 Energy Economy This course analyzes energy markets, including production, consumption, and energy policy. Students will explore issues related to sustainability, energy efficiency, and the impact of climate change on the energy sector. The course also focuses on discussions of renewable energy policy, energy technology development, and the challenges of transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
4 EKP306 Industrial Economics This course focuses on the analysis of industrial structure and dynamics. Students will study the theories of industrial organization, competition, and industrial policy, as well as the impact of innovation and technology on market structure.
5 EKP313 Institutional Economics This course examines the role of institutions in economics, including an analysis of the structure, function, and impact of formal (such as government and international organizations) and informal (such as social and cultural norms) institutions on economic development.
6 EKP308 Population Economics This course examines the interaction between population and economics. Students will learn theories of population growth, demographic distribution, and their impact on natural resources, labor markets, and public policy. Topics covered include migration, fertility, mortality, and population projection analysis.
7 EKP321 Health Economics This course analyzes the economic aspects of the health sector, including the costs and benefits of health services, health policies, and their impact on societal well-being. Students will explore issues such as access to health services and the efficiency of health systems.
8 EKP307 Labor Economics This course examines the labor market, including analysis of labor supply and demand, unemployment, and wages. Students will learn about factors influencing labor force participation and employment policies that can improve worker well-being.
9 EKP211 Cooperative Economics and Entrepreneurship This course explores the principles of cooperatives and the role of entrepreneurship in the economy. Students will learn about cooperative business models, the challenges faced by SMEs, and strategies for innovation and business development. Discussions on government policies supporting entrepreneurship are also a focus.
10 EKP303 Planning Economics This course examines economic planning techniques and methods used to design and evaluate development policies and projects. Students will learn cost-benefit analysis, long-range planning, and the use of economic models to forecast policy impacts. Other topics covered include sustainable development planning, resource management, and community participation in the planning process.
11 EKP302 Urban Economy This course focuses on economic analysis in urban areas, including issues of housing, transportation, and infrastructure. Students will learn urban planning theory, the impacts of urbanization, and policies for creating sustainable and inclusive cities.
12 EKP204 Agricultural Economics This course examines the economic aspects of the agricultural sector, including the production, distribution, and consumption of agricultural products. Students will study agricultural policy, agricultural market analysis, and issues such as food security and the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector.
13 EKP319 Political Economy This course explores the relationship between economics and politics. Students will learn how economic policy is influenced by political power, as well as analyze the influence of interest groups and lobbying on policymaking.
14 EKP301 Regional Economy This course analyzes economic dynamics at the regional level, including the factors influencing regional growth and development. Students will learn location theory, regional development policy analysis, and the role of infrastructure and natural resources in regional economic development.
15 EKP322 Strategic Economics This course examines the development and implementation of economic strategies within the context of business and public policy. Students will learn competitive analysis, strategic decision-making, and long-term planning. Topics covered include market strategy, innovation, and risk management, as well as how organizations can adapt to changing, dynamic economic environments.
16 EKP304 Transportation Economics This course analyzes transportation systems and their impact on the economy. Students will learn about transportation costs and benefits, transportation planning, and policies that support the efficiency and sustainability of transportation systems.
17 EKP310 Comparison of Economic Systems This course compares various economic systems, such as capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Students will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each system, as well as their impact on economic growth, wealth distribution, and social welfare.
18 SJU261 History of Economic Thought This course explores the development of economic thought from the past to the present. Students will study the contributions of leading economic thinkers, such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman, as well as the evolution of economic theory that emerged from their thinking. Discussions of the social, political, and economic contexts that influenced economic thought will also be a key part of this course, helping students understand how economic ideas evolved over time and their relevance in the modern context.